Transforming Schools with Technology
I wrote Transforming Schools with Technology because I felt there were too many skeptics and too many zealots writing about technology in schools. It was time for a new book that would be realistic and optimistic without being utopian. Realistic means understanding that forty four states support online schools; that Pennsylvania and Maine initiated laptop programs for students; and that the vast majority of teachers believe using technology in schools is important.

I’ve been pleased with people’s reactions. Reviews have been positive, and it has been good to be invited to speak about the book. A vice president at Learning.com asked me to speak at a 7 a.m. (!) breakfast meeting at the National Educational Computing Conference in July and 200 people showed up, ranging from state technology directors to teachers. The New York City Public Schools asked me to be keynote speaker at a software exposition held in the Brooklyn Museum in October. I’ve also spoken at national conferences, including the National School Boards Association’s T+L conference in Seattle. I find the speaking experience particularly gratifying on occasions when a superintendent or a school board member comes up afterwards to say that he or she is one of the skeptics I wrote about, and that I am helping to change their mind.

Partly because of the book, the journal Science asked me to write an article about laptop programs for students around the world. Several Latin American nations, for example, recently ordered millions of computers for schoolchildren. And since 2002, every middle school student in Maine has been loaned a laptop, the way they are given textbooks. A colleague in New York, Daniel Light, will be a co-author especially because of his long experience studying laptop programs in developing nations. Making an article on this topic brief is the challenge!

Since writing my book, one shock has been the attention given to a new book called Disrupting Class: How Disruptive Innovation Will Change the Way the World Learns by Christensen, Horn, and Johnson. Some of the flavor of their view is provided by this quote: “the way schools have employed computers has been perfectly predictable, perfectly logical—and perfectly wrong” (p.73). Their book provides the “perfect” illustration of why I felt that a better-informed perspective about educational technology was needed. So why have I been shocked, you might ask? As the above quote suggests, the authors make a particularly blatant and strong indictment of schools that, unfortunately, appeals to many people these days. Online learning will save the day, they believe. A detailed review of Disrupting Class can be found here: http://www.concord.org/publications/detail/2008_DisruptingClass_WhitePaper.pdf

There is clearly a hunger for more information about how technology can help schools improve. Unfortunately, most people know so little about the subject that they can be led astray by zealots of one opinion or another, either pro or con. A thoughtful middle-ground position is needed—one that fully accounts for the promise of technology but that avoids portraying it as a panacea for all educational ills. Amid today’s chaotic and heated debates, the middle way is the soundest and most promising.


About the Author: For the past 20 years, Andy Zucker has worked in independent nonprofit organizations as an education researcher, strategic planner, and evaluator, and he is now a senior research scientist at the Concord Consortium.

Comments:

Jan 8, 2009 03:04 PM Thanks for your post and your thoughtful 8-page white paper. Just finished reading so I'm still of course collecting thoughts on several of the points you raise.

I'll say a few things here but I would also love to connect and talk further with you if you'd be willing to do so.

I (and I think my coauthors as well) agree with you on many of your points. Technology is certainly not a panacea for all of education's ills--not even close. We don't have that utopian view at all. Technology for technology's sake is also not the point. It doesn't begin to address any of the root causes of why schools struggle if you start there. There are also many other important pieces to consider that many thoughtful people have written about that we tried not to rehash in Disrupting Class that have nothing to do with technology.

In terms of the point about schools employing technology in predictable ways that have often been "perfectly wrong": focusing on that one sentence misleads about the tone the rest of the book takes on this question. Clearly we point out in the book that schools/districts/states/companies are in many cases employing technology in the form of online learning in great ways--and we highlight that those ways in fact follow the pattern of disruption, which is informative. For example, you also mentioned online training of teachers as something we accuse schools of having done wrong. It's actually something we didn't touch upon in the book, but on our blog I've written about how that, too, is a promising avenue and, in many cases, seems to be taking off in disruptive fashion as well. The virtual labs that you refer to we also highlight in the book with one example; we agree it is another promising use of technology. Reading software such as Lexia Learning, Fast ForWord, and others have made a great impact--which we've written about in articles, too--particularly in places that haven't been able to afford a reading specialist, for example. It is also true, however, that much of the funding on technology hasn't had its intended effect--Larry Cuban has written about this at length--and much of this also fits the pattern that we see in countless other arenas, both for-profit and governmental as well as not-for-profit.

In terms of the funding points you make and the fact that we don't have clear recommendations around policy in the book--I agree, and Innosight Institute is beginning to do work to build off the great work that is already out there from NACOL, SREB, and many others to point out the policy prescriptions that are and will be needed. I've talked about this more in appearances at Michigan Virtual University, for example.

There are other good points in your review with which we agree--but many that also misinterpret our intended purpose and tone, which I suppose is our failing that we didn't write it in such a way to convey it properly. To take one--you point out that we single out unions unfairly as a problem, but we spend far more words in the beginning of the book clearly saying unions are not the root cause of the problem. We also agree with you--as you might be able to tell from some parts of the book--that blended learning (children still going to "schools" that might look more like community centers and taking courses that are hosted online but have components in physical space, online, computer-automated, with a content-expert teacher remote and a mentor teacher in person perhaps) are exciting visions.

I'll leave my initial thoughts at that just to give a sense that I think there is less disagreement between our positions. Thank you again for a well thought out piece--and I look forward to talking more I hope.

– Michael B. Horn

Jan 11, 2009 08:41 PM Thanks for your posting, Michael Horn, and I am glad you found my white paper thoughtful.

You may know that my colleagues and I have written favorably about online schools for a decade, based on studies begun soon after the nation's first online schools started operating. We share your view that online courses play an important role in K-12 education. But a major difference in our outlooks is that Transforming Schools with Technology cites research about dozens of constructive ways that computers, the Internet, and related digital tools are used in schools. Online courses are one of these -- but one of many. For example, states and districts save time and money with computer-based testing, which also provides teachers with information to improve instruction; special education teachers have for decades been enthusiastic users of computers to help students with disabilities; and, teachers make use of resources on the Internet, such as current events, that cannot be found in textbooks.

Schools are being transformed by multiple uses of technology. The purposes served by using technology range from helping improve connections between parents and schools, to better tracking of data about students for accountability purposes. Technology helps schools achieve six key education goals.

Disrupting Class states that computers have had little effect in schools "save possibly to increase costs and draw resources away from other school priorities" (p. 72). Yet research shows that students who use word processors learn to write better than students who don't. Studies of student laptop programs, such as in Maine middle schools since 2002, and now in all Pennsylvania high schools (over 500,000 students), document that such programs help improve students' writing. The use of sensors to collect science data helps students understand science concepts better; and there are many other research-based examples of constructive uses of computers in schools. I wish that Disrupting Class more clearly said so.

Online education is a useful innovation, we agree, but only one among many computer-based developments providing schools with new tools. We also agree that technology, used wisely, will help transform schools into institutions that are more effective for more students.

If would like to connect and continue the dialog, my email address is azucker at concord dot org.

– Andy Zucker

Feb 5, 2009 06:15 PM Andy,

Thanks for your post and review of Disrupting Class. I've also written a review of the book, which argues that their main argument is much less about teaching with computers than it is about a signal change in the institution of public education, a topic we've been writing about in two HEP books.

If you and others would like to look at my review it is available at: www.mindworkers.com.

– Charles Kerchner

Feb 20, 2009 09:39 AM Transforming Schools with Technology illustrates the ways that computers and the Internet are changing public education. In many schools, parents are better informed about their children's school work; teachers and students get more immediate feedback from computer-based assessments than from paper-and-pencil tests; special education students are provided with supports they need (such as text read aloud by a computer); etc. We seem to agree that one powerful tool that will help transform the institution of public education is technology but that much more is needed, not only technology.

– Andy Zucker

Mar 23, 2009 11:58 PM I truly appreciate you taking the time to share this . Look forward to more posts from you

– Simonn

Mar 24, 2009 09:33 AM Andy,

We read your book for a class in my masters program at the University of Minnesota. As the parent of a 15 year old what you had to say really resonated with me. I especially liked your view on technology only being one component of the learning process, that the people part of it is also vital in bringing the learning into the classroom.

The idea behind change which you talked about in Chapter 9 and 10 which is more cultural and political issues and less about the actual use of technology itself. I commented in class that this is universal to change and isn't just about technology.

I agree that technology can help to reshape education and the ability for students to become more critical thinkers and stategists as oppossed to better test takers. However, I also agree that it needs time, resources, vision and the desire to transform in order to be successful. Educators have to feel they will be supported end to end for more technology integration to be affective.

Thanks, it was a great read.

Jac

– Jac Campbell

Mar 24, 2009 11:48 AM I read your book during a technology class at the University of Minnesota. Both your book and this class have challenged me to modify my view of technology in education. Previously, I believed in using technology in my teaching as I understood its efficiency and the value of instant feedback for students. Teaching class sizes of World Languages around 40 students each, technology became a route to which I could give the needed practice and feedback to all my students meeting their individual pacing and learning curves. And while I still believe in this value of technology, after reading your book I'm encouraged to take it a step farther. The lengths to which technology can open the doors to cultures around the world and real live communication within these cultures is astounding! My goal is to explore these venues and begin to incorporate them into my teaching to truly transform it! Thank you for the inspiration!

– Kim Brown

Mar 27, 2009 05:24 PM Mr. Zucker,
I appreciated reading your book. I, of course, read the book through my own lens of my experiences and needs in education. I work in an urban district with 90% poverty, 95% minority, and 60% ELL. It is my true belief that technology just might provide the paradigm shift we need to finally close the achievement gap and bring parity to corners of our society that have not seen the light of day educationally. However, my concern is that if technology is implemented incorrectly, it will only exacerbate an already huge achievement gap.
In your book you speak a lot of all of the innovative programs and virtual schools, but without access do these mean anything? Does it matter that an entire district purchased access to college test prep materials if students do not have broadband at home? Several of these online schools require broadband as well as a host of basic computer skill prerequisites that are second nature in the privileged communities, but non-existent in a majority of the students I see. The problem cannot be solved just by putting the technology out there and hoping it is accessed.

I truly enjoyed your book, and there are many questions it brings up. It would be great if someone of your stature could undertake the study of how technology can effectively be implemented in the underprivileged urban centers.

Thanks,
Alec

– Alec

Mar 28, 2009 07:33 PM Transforming schools with technology is an incredible book to read that keeps you engaged, while reading, the book refers you to online resources and websites that make it realistic and true witness of a working technology in learning. Of the six educational goals that the book highlights, while technology alone can not meet all of them satisfactorily, after reading the book and being a teacher I agree that through technology schools will be more engaging and relevant and if this goal is achieved then it will be easy to achieve all the other goals.
Thanks for writing this well researched book that shows technology being realistic highlighting the support of online schools by forty four states. I was most instilled by your research and forced to hold the book in my hands close to my eyes while reading pg.94 that mentioned the YES campaign that I was involved in.

David

– David Kimori

Mar 29, 2009 12:51 AM Andy,
I first would like to thank you for a very thought provoking and energizing book. I agree with you in great regard that the question facing education today is not whether or not technology should be incorporated, but how can technology assist us to achieve our educational outcomes. Technology is a part of all facets of life in this day and age and to allow the skeptics to claim that technology has no place in schools is a mockery. As a technology integrationist for a public school in MN, I appreciate how you have throughout the book tried to highlight both sides of the technology debate. I personally strongly believe that technology does, will and is supporting the six key educational goals you describe in the book.

One area that I felt deserved a little more attention, than it received, was the role of quality professional development to support effective technology integration. In Chapter 6, you addressed how important technology is to supporting professional development, but I find the converse of that statement to be just as critical. Later, in Chapter 10, you clearly stated that are as essential as the digital tools,so I know that you recognize the fact that the teacher is the critical piece to the whole transformation. In order to provide support to teachers, districts must have a vision and vested interest in technology integration. Ultimately, if schools and government pour in funds for purchasing technology for the reason of access equity and improving achievement, but exclude funding to provide teachers with on-going quality professional development, then I believe technology will have a minimal effect on improving our schools.

Fortunately, I believe that educational leaders are starting to realize that just providing the technology is not enough. Teachers need support and many districts are dedicating resources to provide this support to teachers through technology integrationists and quality ongoing professional development.

– Corey Haugen

Mar 30, 2009 04:29 PM I have recently read "Transforming Schools with Technology" and I must say that overall, it's a step in the correct direction. In my humble opinion, we cannot let this amazing tool, the internet, play little to no role in our kids' education. Teachers have a responsibility to prepare kids for THEIR future. As educators, we must realize that schools not only function as a place for literacy, but have a pluralistic duty for preparation of the workforce, knowledge and skills, productivity, and creativity. These things are achieved much easier with the help of the Internet and other online learning tools.

– Bwill

Apr 18, 2009 05:53 AM Thanks to Simonn, Jac, Kim, Alec, David, Corey, and Bwill for their commments. Transforming Schools with Technology is intended to stimulate reflections and reactions--a conversation between author and readers--and your comments are excellent examples. I appreciate your taking the time to comment.

– Andy Zucker

Feb 3, 2010 11:48 AM I read your "Transforming Schools with Technology" and I would like to tell that Technology is an aid for teachers. It cant replace the teacher in the process of teaching & learning. The teacher should have adequate knowledge about his subject and as well as in handling the technology. In developing countries teaching training in Educational Technology is not satisfying. Online learning tools and internet plays a major role in teaching-learning process but one should know how to handle and use the information from the internet.

– Gururaj P

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